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Lie, Cheat, and Steal: The CIA’s Disastrous Scientific Legacy

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As the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) marks its seventy-fifth anniversary, it has made conspicuous efforts to rebrand itself as a progressive force for scientific and technological change. 

Facing the retirement of its notoriously “pale, male, and Yale” Baby Boomer cohort, it has awkwardly adopted the language of neurodiversity and intersectionality in an attempt to appeal to the relatively young and tech-savvy Silicon Valley set.¹ Through its in-house venture capital fund In-Q-Tel, it has recently made well-publicized investments in CRISPR-based wooly mammoth resurrection research, information-collecting skin care products, and the synthetic biology firm—and alleged “colossal scam”—Ginkgo Bioworks.²

Under the leadership of Gina Haspel, it has also adopted a tech start-up model via its new “CIA Labs,” which entices would-be innovators with lucrative patent opportunities.³ At the same time, it has made well-publicized donations to makerspaces and science education organizations.⁴ Sympathetic press coverage has cast covert agents not as unaccountable interlopers into publicly funded research, but rather as “spies for planet earth.”⁵ The CIA has even started a podcast.⁶

A brief survey of the Agency’s history, however, suggests that it is one of the last organizations we should expect to provide us with either reliable information or socially beneficial technologies. Since its earliest days, the CIA and the “Intelligence Community” of which it is a part has repeatedly shown a willingness to pursue harmful, illegal, and intentionally misleading research. Indeed, “intelligence” is arguably a misnomer. As author and former CIA agent Ralph McGehee explains,

“the CIA is not an intelligence agency, it’s a covert action agency. . . . A part of covert action is disinformation, and the American people, in my estimation, are the primary target audience of the agency’s disinformation operation.”⁷

CIA’s Pre-History of Scientific Disinformation

False scientific claims were the US Intelligence Community’s stock-in-trade even before the CIA was officially founded. In 1944, Lieutenant Thomas J. McFadden, head of Morale Operations (MO) for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS, the CIA’s WWII-era precursor), requested funds to employ renowned tropical disease expert Dr. Morton Charles Kahn. Dr. Kahn, wrote McFadden, “has been employed by us to write a number of articles containing pseudoscientific material on tropical diseases.”⁸

That year, OSS agents prepared a barrage of forged medical documents reporting outbreaks of leprosy, food poisoning, and grisly deaths following blood transfusions contaminated with animal plasma.⁹ Like all MO undertakings, these were fabrications designed to attack enemy morale by causing panic and confusion.

The audience for this sort of “black propaganda” was not necessarily limited to enemy soldiers. In a subsequent progress report, the MO Branch Chief listed under the heading “Achievements and Commendations” high-profile instances of “comeback”—meaning the appearance of MO fabrications in reputable English-language news services such as the Associated Press.¹⁰ In contrast to the more familiar term “blowback,” used to refer to the unintended negative consequences of clandestine operations, “comeback” was seen as a positive metric—an indication that the government’s lie had been good enough for its own population to “buy” it.

Compared to the death and destruction of the Second World War (WWII), scientific disinformation operations of this sort seemed relatively harmless or even humane. In the wake of Japan’s surrender, however, as the WWII-era OSS evolved into the Cold War–era Central Intelligence Agency, the relation between American Intelligence and the scientific community has only become more pathological. Over the course of the Agency’s seventy-five-year existence, it has repeatedly enlisted experts not just to lie about scientific atrocities but to commit them.

Operation Paperclip

One of the earliest and most consequential CIA covert actions was its role in Operation Paperclip, a campaign to recruit and whitewash the reputations of over a thousand prominent Nazi scientists. In her authoritative book, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America, Annie Jacobsen details the CIA’s eagerness to take advantage of these 

“men who had everything to lose and were, at the same time, uniquely focused on personal gain. In Operation Paperclip, the CIA found a perfect partner in its quest for scientific intelligence. And it was in the CIA that Operation Paperclip found its strongest supporting partner yet.”¹¹

Kurt H. Debus, a former V-2 rocket scientist who became a NASA director, sitting between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnsonin 1962 at a briefing at Blockhouse 34, Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex (Licensed under the Public Domain)

The CIA’s Nazi scientists included the chemist Walter Schieber, who specialized in sarin gas production; the similarly-named Walter Schreiber, former “surgeon general of the Third Reich,” who was hired to oversee torture of enemy prisoners of war at the original CIA black site, Camp King; and Friedrich “Fritz” Hoffman, a chemical weapons scientist for the Luftwaffe, whom the CIA sent around the world to scout for new and exotic poisons. It was at Camp King that the Agency made its first foray into high-tech torture and mind-control research, developing what Jacobsen describes as “‘extreme interrogation’ techniques and ‘behavior modification programs’ . . . [including] hypnosis, electric shock, chemicals, and illicit street drugs.”¹²

MK-ULTRA: Domestic and International Terror in the Name of Science

Hiring high-ranking Nazis to test new torture methods on prisoners was only the beginning, however. By 1953, CIA scientists like Schreiber and Sidney Gottlieb—the titular character of Stephen Kinzer’s book, Poisoner in Chief—had initiated a sprawling two-decade campaign of reckless human experimentation best known by the codename MK-ULTRA. A quixotic but well-funded hunt for truth serums, brainwashing drugs, and other mind control techniques, MK-ULTRA scientists subjected countless non-consenting and/or otherwise vulnerable people to powerful drugs and interrogation techniques.¹³ In spite of being subject to three separate government investigations, only a small fraction of the total program has been publicly disclosed since the CIA shredded nearly all relevant documents. What little we do know, however, is horrifying.¹⁴

With the help of OSS veteran and federal narcotics detective George Hunter White, Gottlieb maintained a network of domestic and international “safe houses” where he would administer LSD to unwitting and “expendable” subjects such as petty criminals and drug users.¹⁵ Sometimes, Gottlieb’s expendable subjects included other scientists, such as bacteriologist Frank Olson, who was dosed with LSD and allegedly murdered by CIA, supposedly because of fears that he would reveal America’s use of chemical and biological weapons (CBW).¹⁶ The Agency has had more than its share of CBW-use allegations beginning in this period, including the open-air testing of aerosolized biological agents in New York City and spreading whooping cough on the coast of Florida in 1955.¹⁷

MK-ULTRA research was also conducted at university laboratories, such as those of Harold Wolff and Louis Jolyon West at Cornell Medical College and the University of Oklahoma, or Donald Ewen Cameron at McGill University in Montreal.

Between 1957 and 1963, Cameron used CIA money to develop psychological “depatterning” techniques on approximately one hundred patients. These techniques included placing patients in extended drug-induced comas, LSD dosing for months at a time, electro-shock treatments, and forcing patients to listen to recorded messages such as “my mother hates me” played on a loop.¹⁸

A multi-million dollar class action lawsuit against McGill, the Canadian government, and the Royal Victoria Hospital on behalf of Cameron’s victims and their families is currently underway.¹⁹ MK-ULTRA later found a home in existing networks set up by scientific institutions and universities in the USA and Canada.

The Phoenix Program and Beyond

Years after Cameron finished his work, similar experimentation began to take place in Vietnam. In 1966, a team of CIA researchers conducted brutal and sometimes fatal psychological experiments on Viet so-called mental patients. In an attempt to coerce labor out of his supposedly communist-indoctrinated patients, Dr. Lloyd H. Cotter and his colleagues threatened them with electrical shocks.²⁰ Female patients, who proved more resistant, were starved into submission.²¹

Image: Original unissued patch (Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)

Following the shock of the 1968 Tet Offensive, when the US and its South Viet allies sustained heavy losses, the CIA launched the Phoenix Program, a systematic program of torture and assassination against suspected Viet Cong insurgents. Phoenix dwarfed Cotter’s experimentation in both scale and brutality. Between 1968 and 1972, more than eighty thousand “Viet Cong Infrastructure” (VCI)—the euphemism for Viet people accused of communist sympathies—were “neutralized”, meaning kidnapped and tortured. About one third were killed.²²

According to author Douglas Valentine, who interviewed a number of CIA insiders about the program, Phoenix was seen as the “silver lining” to America’s defeat in Vietnam insofar as it forged a powerful new bureaucratic technology for administering population control through state violence.²³ Along with Operation Igloo White, a sophisticated electronic warfare system consisting of networks of remote sensors on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, Phoenix’s Viet Cong Infrastructure Information System (VCIIS) achieved a powerful synthesis of computer science and counterinsurgency. With a database of three thousand VCI names stored in an IBM 1401 mainframe, VCIIS inaugurated what Valentine terms our present “era of the computerized blacklist.”²⁴

From the Cold War to the War On Terror

With the fall of the Soviet Union and the beginning of America’s invasions of the Middle East, the CIA further modernized its practices of “targeted killing”—a euphemism for assassination, which is still nominally illegal—with heavy investments in remote-controlled drone warfare. Beginning under George W. Bush, and peaking during the Obama administration, the role of drone operator or “targeter” became “the fastest career track in the agency, involving fully 20 percent of all CIA analysts,” according to journalist Andrew Cockburn.²⁵ One of the Agency’s earliest targeted killings via drone was launched in Afghanistan in February 2002 against a “tall man” thought to be Osama Bin Laden. It ended up killing three innocent villagers who had been gathering scrap metal left by previous American air strikes.²⁶

Nine years later, still in pursuit of Bin Laden, the CIA infamously staged a fake hepatitis vaccination program in Pakistan. What they were actually doing was collecting DNA samples without informed consent in an alleged attempt to track down Bin Laden’s family members.²⁷ Parabon NanoLabs, a company co-founded by ex-CIA officer Steven Armentrout, used a similar genetic-genealogical method to locate the Golden State Killer in 2016. Parabon subsequently faced backlash from ethicists, privacy experts, and genealogists, who feared the abuse of genetic profiling, especially against vulnerable populations like immigrant detainees and asylum seekers whose genetic materials the US government has been collecting since 2019.²⁸ Parabon has also claimed that their proprietary phenotyping technique, Snapshot, can generate virtual mugshots of suspects based on their DNA samples, in spite of “a storm of criticism” from geneticists.²⁹

“I was the CIA director. We lied, we cheated, we stole.” —Mike Pompeo

As with In-Q-Tel and CIA Labs, the case of Parabon illustrates the way in which CIA projects metastasize from covert state action to proprietary industrial applications, dodging democratic accountability at every step. As Valentine warns in his 2017 book, The CIA as Organized Crime:

Control of scientific information is a means of controlling our ideas and assumptions about things. Just as the CIA is at the forefront of propaganda on the Internet, its science and technology division is at the forefront of shaping the industries that run the world. The CIA is at the forefront of drone and weapons technology—any kind of technological advancements that only serve and enrich the ruling class. The CIA is at the forefront of that research and development, and that goes for the Internet, too.³⁰

Disclosures from whistleblowers like Chelsea Manning, former CIA contractor Edward Snowden, and Wikileaks’s Julian Assange—whom the CIA reportedly plotted to assassinate in 2017—bear out such claims about the deep imbrication of capital and covert action into our modern information infrastructure. As Alan McLeod recently reported in the Monthly Review, Meta—formerly known as Facebook—relies on dozens of ostensibly “ex-CIA” employees to develop its content and data security policies.³¹ The same goes for Google.³² With these companies currently commanding a de facto monopoly over most people’s access to online information and social networking, not to mention—with the exception of the weapons industry—the job market for computer science and engineering, it is worth remembering that, in the words of Valentine, “science for the CIA means better ways to kill and control people.”³³

How to Respond?

Recent polls found that around 52 percent of Americans think that the CIA is doing a good job. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration, by contrast, each scored around 36 percent.³⁴Whether this surprisingly positive public sentiment is due to widespread ignorance, indifference, or support for the CIA’s dubious history, it is crucial to spread awareness of the CIA’s malign influence, as well as the security-intelligence complex at large. It is equally important for scientists, engineers, and other would-be recruits of covert agencies to organize and build the political solidarity needed to avoid getting co-opted into ongoing projects of capital accumulation and imperial domination.

Perhaps as a symptom of America’s broader imperial decline, the CIA seems to be undergoing an identity crisis. Officers have given press interviews describing their struggles with mental health, which a more frank analysis might identify as a repressed but justified sense of guilt regarding their chosen profession.³⁵ Bizarre sideshows like the recent panic over “Havana Syndrome”—wherein agents reported concussion-like symptoms supposedly caused by directed energy weapons—elicited journalistic coddling and pledges of government subsidy of victims’ medical bills, even as the agency’s own experts seem to have debunked the phenomenon altogether.³⁶

While investigative journalists have done much of the work of exposing CIA crimes, the media has clearly been captured and/or outgunned for decades now. A docile and access-dependent press has bent over backwards to do the CIA’s public relations work for it. The New York Times, for example, reported uncritically about the CIA’s plan to share satellite data with climate scientists.³⁷ As the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) subsequently complained, the CIA’s lack of transparency “calls into question the integrity of the [CIA] Center on Climate Change, if not the Agency as a whole.”³⁸

Moments of resistance, such as from FAS, hint at the potential for politically conscious scientists to work towards the dismantling of the CIA, a goal articulated by people such as Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Bernie Sanders.³⁹ Given their indispensable role in the technocratic power structure that “capital-I” Intelligence draws upon, scientists and engineers need to demand greater transparency and justice for CIA abuses, which largely remain unaddressed. A more modest goal would be to normalize the idea that it is bad to work for the CIA, or to cite their claims without a deep and historically informed skepticism. We need to take seriously the words of Mike Pompeo: 

“I was the CIA director. We lied, we cheated, we stole.”⁴⁰

The CIA’s leadership clearly understands that they can’t be trusted; it’s time we did as well.

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Notes

1. Julian Borger, “CIA Forges Unity in Diversity: Everybody Hates Their ‘Woke’ Recruitment Ad,” The Guardian, May 4, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/04/cia-woke-recruitment-ad.
2. Daniel Boguslaw, “CIA Just Invested In Woolly Mammoth Resurrection Technology,” The Intercept, September 28, 2022, https://theintercept.com/2022/09/28/cia-extinction-woolly-mammoth-dna/.
3. Patrick Howell O’Neill, “CIA’s New Tech Recruiting Pitch: More Patents, More Profits,” MIT Technology Review, September 21, 2020, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/09/21/1008654/cias-new-tech-recruiting-pitch-more-patents-more-profits/.
4. “Mission Possible: Makerspace Nation,” Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, accessed October 7, 2022, https://orise.orau.gov/cia-mission-possible/.
5. William J. Broad, “Inside the C.I.A., She Became a Spy for Planet Earth,” New York Times, January 7, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/science/linda-zall-cia.html.
6. Greg Myre, “Marking 75 years, the CIA Opens a New Museum and Launches a Podcast,” NPR, September 26, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/09/26/1125046684/marking-75-years-the-cia-opens-a-new-museum-and-launches-a-podcast.
7. “CIA Officer Ralph McGehee Reveals How the Agency Deceived the Country During the Vietnam War,” Witness to War, September 30, 2017, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_2L_eYVjU.
8. Thomas J. McFadden, Memorandum to Douglas M. Dimond, OSS Special Funds, 1944, OSS Archives, National Archives, College Park, MD.
9. Japanese Troops: Uses of Animal Plasma, 1944, Office of Strategic Services, National Archives, College Park, MD.
10. K. D. Mann, Morale Operations Washington Branch Progress Report, 1945, National Archives, College Park, MD.
11. Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America(Boston: Little, Brown, 2014), 249.
12. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 276.
13. Tim Weiner, “Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A.” New York Times, March 10, 1999, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/10/us/sidney-gottlieb-80-dies-took-lsd-to-cia.html.
14. Tom O’Neill et al., “Inside the Archive of an LSD Researcher With Ties to the CIA’s MKUltra Mind Control Project,” The Intercept, November 24, 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/11/24/cia-mkultra-louis-jolyon-west/.
15. Stephen Kinzer, Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2019), 162.
16. Frank Olson Project, accessed October 7, 2022, https://frankolsonproject.com.
17. Bill Richards, “Report Suggests CIA Involvement In Fla. Illnesses,” The Washington Post, December 17, 1979,https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/17/report-suggests-cia-involvement-in-fla-illnesses/5b10205.
18. Alfred W. McCoy, “Science in Dachau’s Shadow: Hebb, Beecher, and the Development of CIA Psychological Torture and Modern Medical Ethics,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 43, no. 4 (October 2007): 408, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.20271.
19. “Class Action Suit by Families of Those Brainwashed in Montreal Medical Experiments Gets Go-Ahead,” CBC News, March 3, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/class-action-lawsuit-families-montreal-brainwashing-mk-ultra-1.6371416.
20. Gordon Thomas, Journey Into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse (New York: Bantam Books, 1989), 258–9.
21. Lloyd H. Cotter, “Operant Conditioning in a Vietnamese Mental Hospital,” American Journal of Psychiatry 24, no. 7 (July 1967): 23–8, http://neurodiversity.com/library_cotter_1967.pdf.
22. Dale Andrade and James H. Willbanks, “CORDS/Phoenix: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Vietnam for the Future,” Military Review (March–April 2006): 20, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=483580.
23. Douglas Valentine, The CIA as Organized Crime: How Illegal Operations Corrupt America and the World (Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2017), 44.
24. Valentine, 247.
25. Andrew Cockburn, Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins (New York: Picador, 2016), 152.
26. Clifford D. Conner, The Tragedy of American Science: From Truman to Trump (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2020), 190.
27. “How the CIA’s Fake Vaccination Campaign Endangers Us All,” Scientific American, May 1, 2013, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-cia-fake-vaccination-campaign-endangers-us-all/.
28. Carrie Arnold, “The Controversial Company Using DNA to Sketch the Faces of Criminals,” Nature, September 9, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02545-5.
29. Sara Reardon, “Geneticists Pan Paper That Claims to Predict a Person’s Face from Their DNA,” Nature, September 14, 2017, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22580.
30. Valentine, The CIA as Organized Crime, 163.
31. Alan MacLeod, “Meet the Ex-CIA Agents Deciding Facebook’s Content Policy,” MR Online, July 14, 2022, https://mronline.org/2022/07/14/meet-the-ex-cia-agents-deciding-facebooks-content-policy/.
32. Alan MacLeod, “National Security Search Engine: Google’s Ranks are Filled with CIA Agents,” MR Online, July 27, 2022,https://mronline.org/2022/07/27/national-security-search-engine/.
33. Valentine, The CIA as Organized Crime, 181.
34. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Government Agency Ratings: CIA, FBI Up; Federal Reserve Down,” Gallup News, October 5, 2022, https://news.gallup.com/poll/402464/government-agency-ratings-cia-fbi-federal-reserve-down.aspx.
35. Sasha Ingber, “Former Senior CIA Officers Describe Their Mental Health Struggles,” Scripps News, September 14, 2022, https://www.newsy.com/stories/former-cia-officers-describe-their-mental-health-challenges/.
36. Julian E. Barnes, “House Passes a Bill to Help Officials With ‘Havana Syndrome,’” New York Times, September 21, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/us/politics/havana-syndrome-house-bill.html.
37. William J. Broad, “C.I.A. is Sharing Data with Climate Scientists,” New York Times, January 4, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/science/earth/05satellite.html.
38. Steven Aftergood, “At CIA, Climate Change is a Secret,” Federation of American Scientists (blog), September 22, 2011, https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2011/09/cia_climate/.
39. Jon Schwarz, “In 1974 Call to Abolish CIA, Sanders Followed in Footsteps of JFK, Truman,” The Intercept, February 22, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/02/22/in-1974-call-to-abolish-cia-sanders-followed-in-footsteps-of-jfk-truman/.
40. Bethania Palma, “Did Mike Pompeo Say on Russian State TV that the CIA ‘Lied, Cheated, Stole’?” Snopes.com, December 31, 2019, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pompeo-cia-quote-on-rt/.

Featured image is from MROnline

Berbohong, Menipu, dan Mencuri: Warisan Ilmiah CIA yang Bencana

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Saat Badan Intelijen Pusat AS (CIA) menandai ulang tahunnya yang ketujuh puluh lima, ia telah melakukan upaya yang mencolok untuk mengubah citra dirinya sebagai kekuatan progresif untuk perubahan ilmiah dan teknologi.

Menghadapi pensiunnya kelompok Baby Boomer yang terkenal "pucat, laki-laki, dan Yale", ia dengan canggung mengadopsi bahasa keragaman saraf dan interseksionalitas dalam upaya untuk menarik set Silicon Valley yang relatif muda dan paham teknologi.1 Melalui dana modal ventura internal In-Q-Tel, baru-baru ini melakukan investasi yang dipublikasikan dengan baik dalam penelitian kebangkitan mammoth berbulu berbasis

Di bawah kepemimpinan Gina Haspel, ia juga telah mengadopsi model start-up teknologi melalui "CIA Labs" barunya, yang memikat calon inovator dengan peluang paten yang menguntungkan.3 Pada saat yang sama, ia telah memberikan sumbangan yang dipublikasikan dengan baik ke ruang pembuat dan organisasi pendidikan sains.4 Liputan pers simpatik telah menjadikan agen rahasia bukan sebagai penyelidik yang tidak akuntabel ke dalam penelitian yang 5 CIA bahkan telah memulai podcast.6

Sebuah survei singkat tentang sejarah Badan, bagaimanapun, menunjukkan bahwa itu adalah salah satu organisasi terakhir yang harus kita harapkan untuk memberi kita informasi yang dapat diandalkan atau teknologi yang bermanfaat secara sosial. Sejak hari-hari awal, CIA dan "Komunitas Intelijen" yang menjadi bagiannya telah berulang kali menunjukkan kesediaan untuk mengejar penelitian yang berbahaya, ilegal, dan sengaja menyesatkan. Memang, "kecerdasan" bisa dibilang keliru. Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh penulis dan mantan agen CIA Ralph McGehee,

“CIA bukan badan intelijen, itu adalah badan aksi rahasia. . . . Bagian dari tindakan rahasia adalah disinformasi, dan orang-orang Amerika, menurut perkiraan saya, adalah target audiens utama dari operasi disinformasi agensi.” 7

Pra-Sejarah Disinformasi Ilmiah CIA

Klaim ilmiah palsu adalah stok-in-trade Komunitas Intelijen AS bahkan sebelum CIA secara resmi didirikan. Pada tahun 1944, Letnan Thomas J. McFadden, kepala Operasi Moral (MO) untuk Kantor Layanan Strategis (OSS, pendahulu era Perang Dunia II CIA), meminta dana untuk mempekerjakan ahli penyakit tropis terkenal Dr. Morton Charles Kahn. Dr. Kahn, tulis McFadden, "telah dipekerjakan oleh kami untuk menulis sejumlah artikel yang berisi materi pseudoscientific tentang penyakit tropis." 8

Tahun itu, agen OSS menyiapkan rentetan dokumen medis palsu yang melaporkan wabah kusta, keracunan makanan, dan kematian mengerikan setelah transfusi darah yang terkontaminasi dengan plasma hewan.9 Seperti semua usaha MO, ini adalah rekayasa yang dirancang untuk menyerang moral musuh dengan menyebabkan kepanikan dan kebingungan.

Penonton untuk "propaganda hitam" semacam ini belum tentu terbatas pada tentara musuh. Dalam laporan kemajuan berikutnya, Kepala Cabang MO terdaftar di bawah judul "Pencapaian dan Pujian" contoh profil tinggi "comeback" - yang berarti munculnya fabrikasi MO dalam layanan berita berbahasa Inggris terkemuka seperti Associated Press.10 Berbeda dengan istilah yang lebih akrab "blowback," yang digunakan untuk merujuk pada konsekuensi negatif yang tidak diinginkan dari operasi klandestin, "comeback" dipandang sebagai metrik positif

Dibandingkan dengan kematian dan kehancuran Perang Dunia Kedua (Perang Dunia II), operasi disinformasi ilmiah semacam ini tampak relatif tidak berbahaya atau bahkan manusiawi. Namun, setelah Jepang menyerah, ketika OSS era Perang Dunia II berkembang menjadi Badan Intelijen Pusat era Perang Dingin, hubungan antara Intelijen Amerika dan komunitas ilmiah hanya menjadi lebih patologis. Selama tujuh puluh lima tahun keberadaan Badan, ia telah berulang kali meminta para ahli tidak hanya berbohong tentang kekejaman ilmiah tetapi untuk melakukannya.

Operasi Paperclip

Salah satu tindakan rahasia CIA yang paling awal dan paling penting adalah perannya dalam Operasi Paperclip, sebuah kampanye untuk merekrut dan menutupi reputasi lebih dari seribu ilmuwan Nazi terkemuka. Dalam buku otoritatifnya, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America, Annie Jacobsen merinci keinginan CIA untuk mengambil keuntungan dari ini

“Pria yang kehilangan segalanya dan, pada saat yang sama, secara unik berfokus pada keuntungan pribadi. Dalam Operasi Paperclip, CIA menemukan mitra yang sempurna dalam pencariannya akan kecerdasan ilmiah. Dan di CIA itulah Operasi Paperclip menemukan mitra pendukung terkuatnya." 11

Kurt H. Debus, mantan ilmuwan roket V-2 yang menjadi direktur NASA, duduk di antara AS. Presiden John F. Kennedy dan A.S. Wakil Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson pada tahun 1962 pada pengarahan di Blockhouse 34, Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex (Dilisensikan di bawah Domain Publik)

Ilmuwan Nazi CIA termasuk ahli kimia Walter Schieber, yang berspesialisasi dalam produksi gas sarin; Walter Schreiber dengan nama yang sama, mantan "ahli bedah umum Reich Ketiga," yang dipekerjakan untuk mengawasi penyiksaan tahanan perang musuh di situs hitam CIA asli, Camp King; dan Friedrich "Fritz" Hoffman, seorang ilmuwan senjata kimia untuk Luftwaffe, yang Di Camp King, Agensi melakukan perampokan pertamanya ke dalam penyiksaan berteknologi tinggi dan penelitian pengendalian pikiran, mengembangkan apa yang Jacobsen gambarkan sebagai "teknik 'interogasi ekstrem' dan 'program modifikasi perilaku' . . . [termasuk] hipnosis, sengatan listrik, bahan kimia, dan obat-obatan terlarang." 12

MK-ULTRA: Teror Domestik dan Internasional atas Nama Sains

Namun, mempekerjakan Nazi berpangkat tinggi untuk menguji metode penyiksaan baru pada tahanan hanyalah permulaan. Pada tahun 1953, ilmuwan CIA seperti Schreiber dan Sidney Gottlieb—karakter tituler dari buku Stephen Kinzer, Poisoner in Chief—telah memulai kampanye eksperimen manusia sembrono selama dua dekade yang luas yang terkenal dengan nama kode MK-ULTRA. Perburuan quixotic tetapi didanai dengan baik untuk serum kebenaran, obat cuci otak, dan teknik pengendalian pikiran lainnya, ilmuwan MK-ULTRA menundukkan orang-orang yang tidak menyetujui dan/atau rentan terhadap obat-obatan yang kuat dan teknik interogasi.13 Meskipun tunduk pada tiga investigasi pemerintah yang terpisah, hanya sebagian kecil dari total program yang telah diungkapkan secara publik sejak CIA merobek hampir semua dokumen yang Namun, sedikit yang kita ketahui itu mengerikan.14

Dengan bantuan veteran OSS dan detektif narkotika federal George Hunter White, Gottlieb memelihara jaringan "rumah aman" domestik dan internasional di mana dia akan memberikan LSD kepada subjek tanpa disadari dan "dapat dibuang" seperti penjahat kecil dan pengguna narkoba.15 Terkadang, subjek Gottlieb yang dapat dibuang termasuk ilmuwan lain, seperti bakteriolog Frank Olson, yang diberi dosis LSD dan Kota New York dan menyebarkan batuk rejan di pantai Florida pada tahun 1955,17

Penelitian MK-ULTRA juga dilakukan di laboratorium universitas, seperti Harold Wolff dan Louis Jolyon West di Cornell Medical College dan University of Oklahoma, atau Donald Ewen Cameron di McGill University di Montreal.

Antara 1957 dan 1963, Cameron menggunakan uang CIA untuk mengembangkan teknik "depatterning" psikologis pada sekitar seratus pasien. Teknik-teknik ini termasuk menempatkan pasien dalam koma yang diinduksi obat yang diperpanjang, dosis LSD selama berbulan-bulan pada satu waktu, perawatan kejut listrik, dan memaksa pasien untuk mendengarkan pesan yang direkam seperti "ibuku membenciku" diputar berulang kali.18

Gugatan class action multi-juta dolar terhadap McGill, pemerintah Kanada, dan Rumah Sakit Royal Victoria atas nama korban Cameron dan keluarga mereka saat ini sedang berlangsung.19 MK-ULTRA kemudian menemukan rumah di jaringan yang ada yang didirikan oleh lembaga ilmiah dan universitas di AS dan Kanada.

Program Phoenix dan Selanjutnya

Bertahun-tahun setelah Cameron menyelesaikan pekerjaannya, eksperimen serupa mulai terjadi di Vietnam. Pada tahun 1966, sebuah tim peneliti CIA melakukan eksperimen psikologis yang brutal dan terkadang fatal pada Viet yang disebut pasien mental. Dalam upaya untuk memaksa persalinan keluar dari pasiennya yang seharusnya diindoktrinasi komunis, Dr. Lloyd H. Cotter dan rekan-rekannya mengancam mereka dengan sengatan listrik.20 Pasien wanita, yang terbukti lebih resisten, kelaparan hingga tunduk.21

Gambar: Tambalan asli yang tidak diterbitkan (Dilisensikan di bawah CC BY-SA 3.0)

Menyusul keterkejutan Serangan Tet 1968, ketika AS dan sekutu Viet Selatannya mengalami kerugian besar, CIA meluncurkan Program Phoenix, sebuah program sistematis penyiksaan dan pembunuhan terhadap tersangka pemberontak Viet Cong. Phoenix mengerdilkan eksperimen Cotter baik dalam skala maupun kebrutalan. Antara 1968 dan 1972, lebih dari delapan puluh ribu "Infrastruktur Viet Cong" (VCI) - eufemisme untuk orang-orang Viet yang dituduh simpati komunis - "dinetralkan", yang berarti diculik dan disiksa. Sekitar sepertiga terbunuh.22

Menurut penulis Douglas Valentine, yang mewawancarai sejumlah orang dalam CIA tentang program tersebut, Phoenix dipandang sebagai…